Western Literature(Week 17 ) 中華民國開國紀念日

國定假日

Western Literature(Week 16 ) 單字筆記

Topic : Augustine of Hippo, The Confessions

1.Genesis (n.)
/ˋdʒɛnəsɪs/
the time when something came into existence; the beginning or origin

the genesis of life on earth

2.generator (n.)
/ˋdʒɛnə͵retɚ/
a machine that produces electricity

It is a generator.

3.entertain (v.)
/͵ɛntɚˋten/
to keep a person or a group of people interested or amused

Children’s games and books seek to teach and entertain at the same time.

4.famine (n.)

/ˋfæmɪn/
an extreme lack of food in a region, causing suffering and death 

Widespread famine was reported in the region.

5.fleece (n.)
/flis/
the wool of a sheep, or a soft, artificial material that looks like wool

Polyester fleeces are especially popular to provide warmth in coats.

Western Literature(Week 16 ) 上課筆記

Topic : Augustine of Hippo, The Confessions

1.Final exam

(1)Essay :

     For the Greeks, the word ‘tragedy’ was used much as we use the word ‘play,’ but it does not carry the same implications of our modern word ‘tragedy’. Discuss the origin and situation of Greek Theatre. (p. 502)

含:時間、地點、人物、發生何事及關我們什麼事。

(2)名詞解釋一題10分，要寫多一點!

(3)上帝造物先造光再造人類

(4)約瑟夫的神奇彩衣

(5)Tower of Babel

The Tower of Babel forms the focus of a story told in the Book of Genesis of the Bible. According to the story, a united humanity of the generations following the Great Flood, speaking a single language and migrating from the east, came to the land of Shinar‎.(6)Golden Fleece

    In Greek mythology, the Golden Fleece is the fleece of the gold-hair winged ram, which was held in Colchis. The fleece is a symbol of authority and kingship. It figures in the tale of the hero Jason and his band of Argonauts, who set out on a quest for the fleece by order of King Pelias, in order to place Jason rightfully on the throne of Iolcus in Thessaly. The story is of great antiquity and was current in the time of Homer(eighth century BC). It survives in various forms, among which details vary.

2. Potiphar

    Potiphar is a person in the Book of Genesis's account of Joseph. Potiphar is said to be the captain of the palace guard and is referred to without name in the Quran. Joseph, sold into slavery by his brothers, is taken to Egypt where he is sold to Potiphar as a household slave. 

    Potiphar makes Joseph the head of his household, but Potiphar's wife, furious at Joseph for resisting her attempts to seduce him, accuses him falsely of attempted rape. Potiphar casts Joseph into prison, to the notice of Pharaohthrough his ability to interpret the dreams of other prisoners.

3.Famine 大飢荒

4.Ten Commandments
    The Ten Commandments, also known as the Decalogue, are a set of biblical principles relating to ethics and worship, which play a fundamental role in Judaism and Christianity. They include instructions to worship only God and to keep the sabbath, and prohibitions against idolatry, blasphemy, murder, theft, dishonesty, and adultery. Different groups follow slightly different traditions for interpreting and numbering them.

    The Ten Commandments appear twice in the Hebrew Bible, in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy. According to the story in Exodus, God inscribed them on two stone tablets, which he gave to Moses on Mount Sinai. Modern scholarship has found likely influences in Hittite and Mesopotamian laws and treaties, but is divided over exactly when the Ten Commandments were written and who wrote them.

5. Parable (用人世間的小故事來說天國裡的大道理)

    A parable is a succinct, didactic story, in prose or verse, which illustrates one or more instructive lessons or principles. It differs from a fable in that fables employ animals, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature as characters, whereas parables have human characters. A parable is a type of analogy.

ex. Parable of The Prodigal Son 浪子回頭記

6. Medea



    In Greek mythology, Medea was the daughter of King Aeëtes of Colchis, niece of Circe, granddaughter of the sun god Helios, and later wife to the hero Jason, with whom she had two children, Mermeros and Pheres. In Euripides's play Medea, Jason leaves Medea when Creon, king of Corinth, offers him his daughter,Glauce. The play tells of Medea avenging her husband's betrayal by slaying their children.

Western Literature(Week 15 ) 單字筆記

Topc : The New Testament


1.Millennium (n.)
/mɪˋlɛnɪəm/
a period of 1000 years

The area has experienced the worst drought in half a millennium.

2.stadium (n.)
/ˋstedɪəm/
a large structure consisting of many rows of seats surrounding an area of land on which sports are played and where sometimes other public events happen

a football stadium

3.diagnose (v.)
/ˋdaɪəgnoz/
to recognize and name the exact character of a disease or other problem by making an examination

He was diagnosed with cancer that year.

4.diaspora (n.)
/daɪˋæspərə/
the scattering of people from their original country to other places

5.dispersal (v.)
/dɪˋspɝs!/
to scatter or move away over a large area, or to cause this to happen

It took several hours for the crowd to disperse.

6.circumcision (n.)
/͵sɝkəmˋsɪʒən/
to cut off the foreskin

7.precision (n.)
/prɪˋsɪʒən/
Precision is also the level of agreement of a particular measurement with itself when it is repeated

She writes with clarity and precision.

Western Literature(Week 15 ) 上課筆記

Topc : The New Testament

1.Quiz : Bible

(1)Solomon (以智慧著稱)
    Solomon called Jedidiah , was, according to the Book of Kings, the Book of Chronicles, Hidden Words and the Qur' an a king of Israel and the son of David.

(2)New 7 Wonders of the World

2.  Textbook

(1)scared writings 神聖的經典

(2)proverbs (箴言)

(3)covenant (法櫃，放了32塊石板)

(4)以色列人自稱

The chosen Men (被上帝選中代替眾人受口受難)

(5)Abraham
    Abraham , originally Abram, is the first of the three Patriarchs of Israel whose story is told in chapters 11–25 of the Book of Genesis. 

(6)以色列會行「割禮」(男子出生割掉拋皮。)

(7)上帝是男的 (上帝依照自己形象捏了亞當)

(8) serpent誘惑了夏娃

(9) Sistine chapel out of Eden

Western Literature(Week 14 ) 單字筆記

Topic : Bible: The Old Testament

1.prodigal (adj.)
/ˋprɑdɪg!/
spending large amounts of money without thinking of the future, in a way that is not wise

There have been rumours that he has been prodigal with company funds.

2.betrayal (n.)
/bɪˋtreəl/
an act of betraying someone or something, or the fact of someone or something being betrayed

This was the first in a series of betrayals.

3.revelation (n.)
/rɛv!ˋeʃən/
the act of making known something that was secret, or a fact that has been made known

The first planet discovered around an ordinary star was a strange and unexpected revelation.

4.incense (n.)
/ˋɪnsɛns/
a substance that is burned to produce a sweet smell

5.proverbs(n.)
/ˋprɑvɝbz/
a short statement, usually known by many people for a long time, that gives advice or expresses some common truth

A Chinese proverb says that the longest journey begins with a single step.

Western Literature(Week 14 ) 上課筆記

Topic : Bible: The Old Testament

1.Before the formal class

(1)天下雜誌 : 用科技翻轉貧窮，要怎麼學才有未來?

2. syllabus
(1)The New Testament  (Greek)




    The New Testament is the second major part of the Christian biblical canon, the first part being the Old Testament.In almost all Christian traditions today, the New Testament consists of 27 books.

(2) Parable  (用人世間的小故事來說天國裡的大道理)

    A parable is a succinct, didactic story, in prose or verse, which illustrates one or more instructive lessons or principles. It differs from a fable in that fables employ animals, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature as characters, whereas parables have human characters. A parable is a type of analogy.

(3)Gospels (四大福音書)

    The most widely known examples are the four canonical gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.

(4)Parable of The Prodigal Son

(5)Judas (30銀元 = betrayal )

a.    Judas is the anglicized Greek rendering of the Hebrew name Yehudah .

b. Lady gaga - Judas

(6)Last supper

(7) St. Peter Key 

(代表人世間的赦免 = 天國的鑰匙；

 猶大背叛耶穌，用30銀元賣掉了鑰匙)

(8)St. Ptr's Square 

(9)Song : 愛的真諦 ( Paul )

愛是恆久忍耐又有恩慈　愛是不嫉妒

愛是不自誇不張狂　不做害羞的事

不求自己的益處　不輕易發怒

不計算人家的惡　不喜歡不義只喜歡真理

凡事包容　凡事相信　凡事盼望

凡事忍耐　凡事要忍耐　愛是永不止息

(10)Pieta (右邊是Mary Magdalene手上拿著毛巾，左邊是Paul)

(11) the gift of the magi (magi = 珍貴的禮物)

(12) The Birth and Youth of Jesus (Christmas tree 典故)

(13) Song : What child is this

What child is this,

Who, laid to rest,

On Mary's lap is sleeping?

Whom angels greet with anthem sweet,

While shepherds watch are keeping?

This, this is Christ the King,

Whom shepherds guard and angels sing:

This, this is Christ the King,

The Babe, the Son of Mary.

Why lies He in such mean estate

Where ox and lamb are feeding?

Good Christian, fear

The silent Word is pleading.

This, this is Christ the King, etc.

So bring Him incense, gold and myrrh,

Come, peasant, kin to own Him;

The King of kings salvation brings

Let loving hearts enthrone Him.

This this is Christ the King...etc

(14)Old Testament (The Hebrew Bible )

      The Old Testament is a Christian term for a collection of religious writings by ancient Israelite that form the first section of Christian Bibles, in contrast to the Christian New Testament. The books included in the Old Testament varies markedly between Christian denominations; Protestants accept only the Hebrew Bible's canon but divide it into 39 books, while Catholics, the Eastern Orthodox, Coptic and Ethiopian churches recognize a considerably larger collection.

(15) Psalm 23

a.George Walker Bush is an American politician and businessman who served as the 43rd President of the United States of America from 2001 to 2009and the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000.

b. George Walker Bush 在911事件後演講引用

    新聞

(16) Virginia Tech massacre
    The Virginia Tech massacre was a school shooting that took place on April 16, 2007, on the campus of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, Virginia, United States.

Ishmael(庶長子，有化外之人的意思)
兇手引用:「Call me Ishmael」

Western Literature(Week 13 ) 單字筆記

Topic : Aristophanes, Lysistrata

1.hubris (adj.)
/ˋhjubrɪs/
an extreme and unreasonable feeling of pride and confidence in yourself

2.irony (n.)
/ˋaɪrənɪ/
a situation in which something which was intended to have a particular result that the opposite or a very different result

The irony is that the new tax system will burden those it was intended to help.

3.infamous (adj.)
/ˋɪnfəməs/
famous for something considered bad

The list included the infamous George Drake, a double murderer.

4.initial (adj.)
/ɪˋnɪʃəl/
of or at the beginning

My initial surprise was soon replaced by delight.

5.indicate (v.)
/ˋɪndə͵ket/
to show, point, or make clear in another way

Exploratory investigations have indicated large amounts of oil below the sea bed.

Western Literature(Week 13 ) 上課筆記

Topic : Aristophanes, Lysistrata


1.syllabus

(1)文學課兩大架構
a. period (以時期、國家來討論西方文明和起源)
b. genres(以文體來討論)

(2)tragedy
    Tragedy is a form of drama based on human suffering that invokes in its audience an accompanying catharsis or pleasure in the viewing. While many cultures have developed forms that provoke this paradoxical response, the term tragedy often refers to a specific tradition of drama that has played a unique and important role historically in the self-definition of Western civilization.


(3)Aeschylus : The creator of the tragedy (在唱歌跳舞中加入對話)
(4)drama(有演員、故事)分為 :

    tragedy 和comedy (可對社會造成批判和教化)

(5)Sophocles

    Sophocles is one of three ancient Greek tragedians whose plays have survived. His first plays were written later than those of Aeschylus, and earlier than or contemporary with those of Euripides.

(6)Euripides

    Euripides was one of the three great tragedians of classical Athens, the other two being Aeschylus and Sophocles.

(7)Medea 

    In Greek mythology, Medea was the daughter of King Aeëtes of Colchis, niece of Circe, granddaughter of the sun god Helios, and later wife to the hero Jason, with whom she had two children, Mermeros and Pheres.

     In Euripides's play Medea, Jason leaves Medea when Creon, king of Corinth, offers him his daughter,Glauce. The play tells of Medea avenging her husband's betrayal by slaying their children.

(8)The constituent parts of tragedy. (drama  六大要素) 

    (textbook p.780)

a. Spectacle

b. Melody

c. Language

d. Character

e. Thought

f.  Plot 

(9)The Conflicts

(10)Hamartia
    Hamartia is a word most famously used in Poetics, where it is usually translated as a mistake or error in judgment. In modern discussions of tragedy, hamartia has often been described as a hero's "tragic flaw."The word hamartia is rooted in the notion of missing the markand covers a broad spectrum that includes ignorant, mistaken, or accidental wrongdoing, as well as deliberate iniquity, error, or sin.

(11)dramatic irony
    This type of irony is the device of giving the spectator an item of information that at least one of the characters in the narrative is unaware of (at least consciously), thus placing the spectator a step ahead of at least one of the characters.

(12)hubris 傲慢

a. Up in The Air (型男飛行日誌)

Western Literature(Week 12 ) 單字筆記

Topic : Euripides, Medea

— cide

1.patricide (v.)
/ˋpætrɪ͵saɪd/
the crime of killing your own father

2.suicide (v.)
/ˋsuə͵saɪd/
the act of killing yourself intentionally, or a person who has done this

The suicide rate among men between the ages of 16 and 25 has risen alarmingly.

3.homicide (n.)
/ˋhɑmə͵saɪd/
(an act of) murder

He was convicted of homicide.

4.insecticide (n.)
/ɪnˋsɛktə͵saɪd/
a chemical substance made and used for killing insects, especially those thateat plants

5.herbicide (n.)
/ˋhɝbə͵saɪd/
a chemical that is used to destroy plants, especially weeds

6.exile (v.)

/ˋɛksaɪl/
to send or keep someone away from his or her own country or home, esp. for political reasons

Western Literature(Week 12 ) 上課筆記

Topic : Euripides, Medea

1. Quiz 4on Oedipus

(1)Laius
    In Greek mythology, King Laius, or Laios of Thebes was a divine hero and key personage in the Theban founding myth.

(2)Creon
    Creonis a figure in Greek mythology best known as the ruler of Thebes in the legend of Oedipus.

(3)Delphi

    Delphi is both anarchaeological site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western spur of Mount Parnassus in the valley of Phocis. The site of Delphi was believed to be determined by Zeus when he sought to find the centre of Grandmother Earth.

(4)Sphinx

    A sphinx is a mythical creature with, as a minimum, the body of a lion and a human head.

(5)Antigone




    In Greek mythology, Antigone is the daughter of Oedipus and Jocasta, Oedipus' mother.

(6) Corinth

2. Textbook

(1) None of these deaths occurs on stage.

    (當時血腥場面不會發生在舞台劇的舞台上)

(2)Fortune favors the boat .

    (機會是給大膽進取的人)

(3)hubris 傲慢

a. Up in The Air (型男飛行日誌)

(4)挑戰極限的故事(Icarus , Baleraphone)

Western Literature(Week 11 ) 單字筆記

Topic : Sophocles, Oedipus the King

1.apology (n.)
/əˋpɑlədʒɪ/
an act of saying that you are sorry

I have an apology to make to you – I opened your letter by mistake.

2.hubris (adj.)

/ˋhjubrɪs/
an extreme and unreasonable feeling of pride and confidence in yourself

Hubris brought him down in the end.

3.orchestra (n.)
/ˋɔrkɪstrə/
a large group of musicians playing different instruments and usually organized to play together and led by a conductor

the New York Philharmonic Orchestra

4. chorus (n.)
/ˋkorəs/
a part of a song that is repeated, usually after each verse

I’ll sing the verses but I’d like all of you to join in the chorus.

5.prey (n.)
/pre/
a creature that is hunted and killed for food by another animal

The prey had been sighted.

6.foreshadow (v.)

/forˋʃædo/
to act as a warning or sign of a future event

The recent outbreak of violence was foreshadowed by isolated incidents in the cityearlier this year.

Western Literature(Week 11 ) 上課筆記

Topic : Sophocles, Oedipus the King

1. Sappho (寫情愛詩)

    Sappho was a Greek lyric poet, born on the island of Lesbos. The Alexandrians included her in the list of nine lyric poets.The bulk of her poetry, which was well-known and greatly admired through much of antiquity, has been lost, but her immense reputation has endured through surviving fragments.

2. gay

He is a gay . (X)  

He is gay .    (O)

3. 女生「蕾絲邊」出處

Deathless Aphrodite of spangled Mind

4.悲劇三大詩人

(Aeschylus) , Sophocles, Euripides 

5. 亞歷山大的帝王學「讀聖賢書，所為何事?」

(1)Aristotle

     Although an inferior race, the Persians control at least four fifths of the known world. But, is it possible that the source of Egypt's mighty river Nile could rise in these distant mountains of the outer Earth? If so, an experienced navigator could find his way here, by this river, east, down into the great plains of India, out into the eastern ocean and end of the world, and by this route, up the Nile, back to Egypt, into the Middle Sea and home to Greece.

(2)passion (no retraint)←→reason (retraint)

(3)hubris 傲慢

a. Up in The Air (型男飛行日誌)

6. Song : Hark the Herald Angels song

Hark the herald angels sing

"Glory to the newborn King!

Peace on earth and mercy mild

God and sinners reconciled"

Joyful, all ye nations rise

Join the triumph of the skies

With the angelic host proclaim:

"Christ is born in Bethlehem"

Hark! The herald angels sing

"Glory to the newborn King!"

Christ by highest heav'n adored

Christ the everlasting Lord!

Late in time behold Him come

Offspring of a Virgin's womb

Veiled in flesh the Godhead see

Hail the incarnate Deity

Pleased as man with man to dwell

Jesus, our Emmanuel

Hark! The herald angels sing

"Glory to the newborn King!"

Hail the heav'n-born Prince of Peace!

Hail the Son of Righteousness!

Light and life to all He brings

Ris'n with healing in His wings

Mild He lays His glory by

Born that man no more may die

Born to raise the sons of earth

Born to give them second birth

Hark! The herald angels sing

"Glory to the newborn King!"

Western Literature(Week 10 ) 單字筆記

Topic : The Greek Tragedy

1.marshmallow (n.)
/ˋmɑrʃ͵mælo/
a soft, often white, candy made mainly of sugar

We roasted marshmallows over the campfire.

2.malicious (adj.)
/məˋlɪʃəs/
intending to cause harm, esp. by hurting someone’s feelings or reputation

He says she threatened him and spied on him, among other malicious activities.

3.malignant
/məˋlɪgnənt/
(of a disease or tissue growing because of a disease) leading to death

The pathologist’s report said the tumor was malignant.

4.obscene
/əbˋsin/
offensive, rude, or shocking, usually because of being too obviously related tosex or showing sex

He was jailed for making obscene phone calls.

5.obstacle
/ˋɑbstək!/
something that blocks you so that movement, going forward, or action is prevented or made more difficult

The biggest obstacle in our way was a tree trunk in the road.

Western Literature(Week 10 ) 上課筆記

Topic : The Greek Tragedy

1.Before the formal class

(1) Christmas Carol 

          It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year-Andy Williams

There'll be parties for hosting 

Marshmallows for toasting 

And caroling out in the snow 

There'll be scary ghost stories 

And tales of the glories of 

Christmases long, long ago 

It's the most wonderful time of the year

There'll be much mistltoeing 

And hearts will be glowing 

When love ones are near 

It's the the most wonderful time of the year 

(2)marshmallow (放進熱咖啡或熱巧克力)

(3)movie : While You Were Sleeping

2. What is tragedy?

    Tragedy is a form of drama based on human suffering that invokes in its audience an accompanying catharsis or pleasure in the viewing. While many cultures have developed forms that provoke this paradoxical response, the term tragedy often refers to a specific tradition of drama that has played a unique and important role historically in the self-definition of Western civilization.

3. Dionysus
 

    Dionysus was the god of the grape harvest, wine making and wine, of ritual madness and ecstasy in Greek mythology.

4. Prometheus 

    In Greek mythology, Prometheus is a Titan, culture hero, and trickster figure who is credited with the creation of man from clay, and who defies the gods and gives fire to humanity, an act that enabled progress and civilization.

5. Song : Today by John Dener 

6.Satyr play

    Satyr plays were an ancient Greek form of tragicomedy, similar in spirit to the bawdy satire of burlesque. They featured choruses of satyrs, were based on Greek mythology, and were rife with mock drunkenness, brazen sexuality, pranks, sight gags, and general merriment.